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Before neurons and their role in pain were understood, there have been many explanations to account for pain. Hippocrates (370-460 BCE) believed that it was due to an imbalance in vital fluids and in the 11th century Avicenna (980-1037) theorized that there were a number of feeling senses including touch, pain and titillation. Today we talk about four types of pain: 1) Nociceptive pain: Typically the result of tissue injury, 2) Inflammatory pain: An abnormal inflammation caused by an inappropriate response by the body's immune system, 3) Neuropathic pain: Pain caused by nerve irritation and 4) Functional pain: Pain without obvious origin. About 20% of adults have chronic pain and 7% of adults have chronic pain that frequently limits life or work activities, which increases with age. In this book we have gathered recent international research on pain and pain management from internationally renowned researchers from around the world, which we hope will be of interest to the reader.
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"Once upon a time, pediatrics was involved with infectious disease and acute disorders, but a new pattern of morbidity has emerged. Social difficulties, behavioral problems, developmental difficulties, disabilities and chronic disease have become main parts of the scope of pediatric practice. Among adults, multiple chronic disease is increasingly prevalent, whereas the prevalence of impairment and disability remain stable, but substantial and therefore, present day health professionals must be aware of disability and chronic disease. Just a few decades ago, children born with significant congenital anomalies or genetic and metabolic diseases perished at an early age and very few survived into their teens and even less into adulthood. Congenital heart disease, major errors in metabolism, cancer, cystic fibrosis and many other major diseases were fatal. Because of that, many physicians in adult primary care did not have the opportunity to see patients with these problems and thus were unable to learn how to care for them. With major advancements in medical knowledge, technology, imaging techniques, surgical skills and pharmaceutical products as well as prosthetic devices, many of these patients now live much longer lives and sometimes even close to the average life expectancy for the country, at least in the developed world. With that, a new medical care challenge has been created and we have to take a life span approach."--
Chronic diseases. --- Diseases. --- Human beings --- Illness --- Illnesses --- Morbidity --- Sickness --- Sicknesses --- Medicine --- Epidemiology --- Health --- Pathology --- Sick --- Diseases, Chronic --- NCDs (Noncommunicable diseases) --- Non-communicable diseases --- Non-infectious diseases --- Noncommunicable diseases --- Diseases
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Mental health is ""a state of well-being in which the individual realizes his or her own abilities; can cope with the normal stresses of life; can work productively and fruitfully; and is able to make a contribution to his or her community"". Mental illness is defined as ""collectively, all diagnosable mental disorders"" or ""health conditions that are characterized by alterations in thinking, mood, or behavior (or some combination thereof) associated with distress and/or impaired functioning."" Mental disorders, especially depressive disorders, are related to many chronic diseases like diabet
Community mental health services. --- Mental health. --- Emotional health --- Mental hygiene --- Mental physiology and hygiene --- Happiness --- Health --- Public health --- Mental illness --- Psychiatry --- Psychology --- Psychology, Pathological --- Mental health clinics --- Alternatives to psychiatric hospitalization --- Community health services --- Community psychiatry --- Mental health services
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